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GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) is a naturally occurring tripeptide found in human plasma, saliva, and urine. GHK-Cu is the same tripeptide bound to a copper(II) ion. This copper binding is not just a minor modification — it fundamentally changes the peptide's biological activity, stability, and research applications.
GHK-Cu is the far more commonly researched and commercially available form. The copper ion is essential for many of GHK's most studied effects, including collagen stimulation, wound healing acceleration, and gene expression modulation. Understanding the relationship between these two forms helps researchers choose the right compound.
| Dimension | GHK | GHK-Cu |
|---|---|---|
| Structure | Tripeptide (Gly-His-Lys) | Tripeptide + copper(II) ion complex |
| Copper Content | None (free peptide) | One copper(II) ion per molecule |
| Primary Use | Research reference compound | Skin rejuvenation, wound healing, hair growth research |
| Administration | Subcutaneous (research) | Topical (serums/creams) or subcutaneous injection |
| Skin Penetration | Limited data on topical use | Good topical penetration (small molecular weight) |
| Collagen Effect | Weak without copper | Strong collagen and glycosaminoglycan stimulation |
| Research Volume | Moderate (often studied as precursor) | Extensive — hundreds of publications |
GHK (Gly-His-Lys) is a naturally occurring tripeptide found in human plasma, saliva, and urine whose levels decline with age. Distinct from its copper-bound form (GHK-Cu), free GHK is researched for its ability to modulate gene expression patterns associated with tissue repair, anti-inflammation,...
GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring tripeptide-copper complex found in human plasma, saliva, and urine. Studied primarily for wound healing, skin regeneration, and anti-aging applications. Available in topical formulations.
Stacking GHK and GHK-Cu is not necessary or beneficial. GHK-Cu is the biologically active copper-bound form of GHK — the free GHK tripeptide naturally binds to available copper ions in vivo. Using GHK-Cu directly provides the active complex without relying on endogenous copper availability. Most research and commercial applications use GHK-Cu exclusively.
GHK is the free tripeptide (glycyl-histidyl-lysine) without a metal ion, while GHK-Cu is the same tripeptide complexed with a copper(II) ion. The copper binding is critical for most of GHK's studied biological effects, including collagen synthesis stimulation, wound healing, and gene expression modulation. GHK-Cu is the active form used in virtually all research and commercial skincare products.
For practical purposes, yes. GHK-Cu is the biologically active form responsible for the peptide's well-documented effects on collagen production, wound healing, and skin remodeling. The free GHK peptide has much weaker activity without the copper ion. In research and commercial applications, GHK-Cu is the standard form used.
Yes. GHK-Cu's small molecular weight allows reasonable topical penetration, and it is widely used in skincare serums and creams. Published studies show topical GHK-Cu can improve skin firmness, reduce fine lines, and promote wound healing. It is also used subcutaneously in injection-based research protocols.